China's Next-Generation Industrial Policy: Global Environmental Implications

Subheadline: As Beijing expands state intervention across manufacturing and technology, global supply chains for renewables, critical minerals, and green innovation face deepening dependencies and new sustainability challenges.

Executive Summary

China's industrial policy has evolved far beyond the original Made in China 2025 framework. According to a recent report by Rhodium Group and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Beijing is now pursuing what analysts describe as an "industrial policy of everything," touching mature industries, upstream supply chains, and frontier technologies alike. This next-generation strategy is accelerating China's dominance in global manufacturing and clean energy supply chains—with profound implications for the environment, climate action, and sustainability governance. The report highlights both the scale and systemic nature of the shift, as well as the challenges it presents for other economies seeking to balance trade competitiveness with environmental objectives.